Oil reserves in Brazil
Summary
Brazil was once the leading country for oil. There is said to be billions of barrels of oils located in the deep-sea bounties also known as the pre salt. The oil is covered by a bed of salt. The country was categorized as a major energy player in the oil industry. However, as the economy of Brazil worsened the countries oil production rapidly declined in a matter of six years. Due to an emergence of other energy sources around the world, Brazils deep-sea extraction of the oil became less desirable among wealthy oil companies. These other energy sources included fields in Africa, tar sands in Canada as well as fracking in the United States. Brazils oil production is state-controlled and foreign oil companies are caution of investing n the county.
Once Brazil had proven that they were a key player in the oil industry, Petrobras and other investors such as George Soros and a Wall Street darling became highly interested in the oil market in the Brazil. José Sergio Gabrielli predicts that Brazils oil production will rise from two million barrels being produced a day to over five million barrels in the year 2020. According to the Energy Minister Edison Lobão, 4.7 million barrels are said to be produced in the upcoming years. Today, the pre-salt extraction area produces 300,000 barrels of oil a day, which is a significantly lower number than predicted.
Favelas and urban planning
Summary
The favelas were established in 1897 in Rio de Janeiro by Brazilian veterans. Veterans camped on a hill where the favela plant grows in the Northeast region. The term favelas came from squatters occupying vacant land at the edge of a city. Settlement of improvised housing were called shanty towns. Mostly located in large cities, the Rio de Janeiro hillsides. Residents are known as “Favelados” the population is diverse and is made up of low income/no income residents. After brazil abolished slavery in the late 1800’s, the growth of the favelas was formed by impoverished former African salves whom settled in Rio de Janeiro in the late 19th century started creating cities within the city. Black Brazilians over the years were pushed out of the downtown, migrating to Rio de Janeiro seeking work in the 1930’s and 40’s. Many being poor, had little choice of being squatters. The migration from countryside to cities from the 1940’s to the 1970’s, increased the population of favelas. Between 1950 and 1980 the number of people living in Favelas increased from an estimated 170,000 to 600,000.
The houses were first constructed out of wood scraps in the early late 19th century. The houses today are constructed out of brick, cinder blocks, sheet metal and tile. The poor infrastructure led to improper plumbing, inadequate electrical wiring and waste disposal hazards. These all caused ineffective sewage systems. Often water is ported at extended distances, causing lack of sanitation leading to health hazards. The favelas are diverse, some homes have electricity with phones and computers while others do not. The crime rate is high in the favelas. Illegal drug trafficking, gang violence and theft occur in the favelas. With such an over populated area, illegal action. Many favelas are owned by drug lords who traffic cocaine and encourage gang violence since the 1970’s. Only 1% of the population is involved in these illegal actions. Even though the involvement from the residents of favela is very low, residents are still suffering from violent actions. In recent years, local hospitals around favelas see around 120 bullet wounds a night.
The Brazilian government considered favelas living conditions illegal. Due to lack of money, the favelas could not afford proper housing housing resulting in poor sanitation. This led to failure to pass building codes. Military focus stepped in. In 1937, the government issued a building code. The building code declared favelas abnormal, leading to forced migration of fevelas in “proletarian park”, Guards surrounded the park, checking identity cards. Gates enabled the people to leave past 10pm at night. The government invaded favela and relocated migrants to more suitable housing in ‘proletarian park” Relocation of Favelas rapidly increases. In 1965 the government relocated 30,000 favelas. Between 1968 and 1975, 176,000 individuals were relocated. However that did not stop settlements from occurring and continuing today. In 1974, the government revoked polices. While the settlement of favelas was increasing rapidly, the government decided to stand down and allow the favelas communities to live in those conditions. Although the officials kept displacing people in order to make way for new infrastructure. In 1933, the executive Group for low income Settlements (GEAP) was founded. The GEAP laid the foundation for housing polices and defined urban living as a civic right. They sought this as a right all Brazilians should obtain. Organizational groups emerged as well as small businesses developed.
The favelas are considered over populated, poor nutrition among residents, increased pollution in the area and unsanitary conditions that led to disease and high infant mortality rates. By the 21st century, estimated 1,000 favelas in Rio de Janeiro. The population consisted of about 1.5 million people and were close to 24% of the cities population. Rio has more favela residents than any other Brazilian city. Rio’s favelas comprises as the ninth largest city in the country. There are 12 million people living in favelas across Brazil whom generate $38.6 billion per year in commercial activity, By 2013 32% were in lower class and 65% in the middle class, this shift corresponded with a 54.7% increase in the average wage in Favelas. The urbanism in the Favelas consist of low-rise, high density development, is pedestrian orientation, has a high use of biking and public transportation, mixed use, residence close to workplace and the production of organic architecture.
Summary
Brazil was once the leading country for oil. There is said to be billions of barrels of oils located in the deep-sea bounties also known as the pre salt. The oil is covered by a bed of salt. The country was categorized as a major energy player in the oil industry. However, as the economy of Brazil worsened the countries oil production rapidly declined in a matter of six years. Due to an emergence of other energy sources around the world, Brazils deep-sea extraction of the oil became less desirable among wealthy oil companies. These other energy sources included fields in Africa, tar sands in Canada as well as fracking in the United States. Brazils oil production is state-controlled and foreign oil companies are caution of investing n the county.
Once Brazil had proven that they were a key player in the oil industry, Petrobras and other investors such as George Soros and a Wall Street darling became highly interested in the oil market in the Brazil. José Sergio Gabrielli predicts that Brazils oil production will rise from two million barrels being produced a day to over five million barrels in the year 2020. According to the Energy Minister Edison Lobão, 4.7 million barrels are said to be produced in the upcoming years. Today, the pre-salt extraction area produces 300,000 barrels of oil a day, which is a significantly lower number than predicted.
Favelas and urban planning
Summary
The favelas were established in 1897 in Rio de Janeiro by Brazilian veterans. Veterans camped on a hill where the favela plant grows in the Northeast region. The term favelas came from squatters occupying vacant land at the edge of a city. Settlement of improvised housing were called shanty towns. Mostly located in large cities, the Rio de Janeiro hillsides. Residents are known as “Favelados” the population is diverse and is made up of low income/no income residents. After brazil abolished slavery in the late 1800’s, the growth of the favelas was formed by impoverished former African salves whom settled in Rio de Janeiro in the late 19th century started creating cities within the city. Black Brazilians over the years were pushed out of the downtown, migrating to Rio de Janeiro seeking work in the 1930’s and 40’s. Many being poor, had little choice of being squatters. The migration from countryside to cities from the 1940’s to the 1970’s, increased the population of favelas. Between 1950 and 1980 the number of people living in Favelas increased from an estimated 170,000 to 600,000.
The houses were first constructed out of wood scraps in the early late 19th century. The houses today are constructed out of brick, cinder blocks, sheet metal and tile. The poor infrastructure led to improper plumbing, inadequate electrical wiring and waste disposal hazards. These all caused ineffective sewage systems. Often water is ported at extended distances, causing lack of sanitation leading to health hazards. The favelas are diverse, some homes have electricity with phones and computers while others do not. The crime rate is high in the favelas. Illegal drug trafficking, gang violence and theft occur in the favelas. With such an over populated area, illegal action. Many favelas are owned by drug lords who traffic cocaine and encourage gang violence since the 1970’s. Only 1% of the population is involved in these illegal actions. Even though the involvement from the residents of favela is very low, residents are still suffering from violent actions. In recent years, local hospitals around favelas see around 120 bullet wounds a night.
The Brazilian government considered favelas living conditions illegal. Due to lack of money, the favelas could not afford proper housing housing resulting in poor sanitation. This led to failure to pass building codes. Military focus stepped in. In 1937, the government issued a building code. The building code declared favelas abnormal, leading to forced migration of fevelas in “proletarian park”, Guards surrounded the park, checking identity cards. Gates enabled the people to leave past 10pm at night. The government invaded favela and relocated migrants to more suitable housing in ‘proletarian park” Relocation of Favelas rapidly increases. In 1965 the government relocated 30,000 favelas. Between 1968 and 1975, 176,000 individuals were relocated. However that did not stop settlements from occurring and continuing today. In 1974, the government revoked polices. While the settlement of favelas was increasing rapidly, the government decided to stand down and allow the favelas communities to live in those conditions. Although the officials kept displacing people in order to make way for new infrastructure. In 1933, the executive Group for low income Settlements (GEAP) was founded. The GEAP laid the foundation for housing polices and defined urban living as a civic right. They sought this as a right all Brazilians should obtain. Organizational groups emerged as well as small businesses developed.
The favelas are considered over populated, poor nutrition among residents, increased pollution in the area and unsanitary conditions that led to disease and high infant mortality rates. By the 21st century, estimated 1,000 favelas in Rio de Janeiro. The population consisted of about 1.5 million people and were close to 24% of the cities population. Rio has more favela residents than any other Brazilian city. Rio’s favelas comprises as the ninth largest city in the country. There are 12 million people living in favelas across Brazil whom generate $38.6 billion per year in commercial activity, By 2013 32% were in lower class and 65% in the middle class, this shift corresponded with a 54.7% increase in the average wage in Favelas. The urbanism in the Favelas consist of low-rise, high density development, is pedestrian orientation, has a high use of biking and public transportation, mixed use, residence close to workplace and the production of organic architecture.